THE
MYTH OF ISRAELI INVINCIBILITY. PART VII
1982 – Intervention
in Lebanon
Israel's
security was very solid. With the exception of Syria and Palestinian groups in
Lebanon, there were no longer any premises for conflict with neighboring
states. In any case, Syria no longer had anywhere near the strength to launch a
military campaign against Israel. Iraq and Libya remained enemies, but they
lacked the assets to pose a serious threat to the Jewish state. A new enemy had
appeared on the horizon—Iran, following the 1979 Islamic Revolution. However,
at that time, it presented no direct danger, being both tied up in the
reorganization of its society and armed forces, and bogged down in a war of
attrition with Iraq.
The
establishment of Palestinian armed groups in Lebanon and the country's civil
war resulted in serious threats to Israel along its northern border. The
Lebanese government no longer exercised any control over the southern part of
the country. The capital, Beirut, was divided into two sectors: East Beirut,
controlled by Christian groups, and West Beirut, controlled by the PLO and
other Muslim factions[1]. The 1978 intervention did
not yield the expected results. Although a UN contingent of over 7,000 troops
was deployed in southern Lebanon, and a buffer zone controlled by Christian
militias allied with Israel was established directly along Israel's northern
border, Palestinian armed groups continued to carry out attacks on Israeli
territory.
Civil
war was raging in Lebanon. The intervention of Syrian forces starting in
1976—with over 30,000 troops under an Arab League mandate—yielded modest
results, failing to pacify the country. After 1978, Israeli forces carried out
targeted airstrikes in southern Lebanon against Palestinian forces. In April
1981, fighting broke out between Christian groups and Syrian forces. Israeli fighter jets
carried out support missions for Christian groups, which prompted the Syrian
command to deploy SA-6 surface-to-air missile batteries in Lebanon,
thereby limiting the Israelis' freedom of action. On July 10, 1981, Palestinian
groups launched massive heavy artillery attacks on northern Israel, forcing
thousands of civilians to flee south. Israeli airstrikes, including those
targeting Beirut, failed to stop the shelling. Through the mediation of US
representatives, a ceasefire agreement was reached between Israel and the PLO.
This was observed until June 1982. However, following the assassination of an
Israeli diplomat in Paris in April 1982, Israeli fighter jets struck PLO
targets in Lebanon.[2]
Let’s
look at a chronology of the operations [3]:
June 3, 1982: The Israeli Ambassador to London is
seriously injured in an attack carried out by a radical Palestinian group.
June 4, 1982:
-
In retaliation for the
attack, the Israeli Air Force carries out strikes on PLO headquarters in
Beirut; over 500 casualties.
-
PLO-affiliated armed
groups in southern Lebanon attack 23 settlements in northern Israel with
artillery fire, including rocket projectiles (launched by the famous Katyushas[4]).
June 5, 1982:
-
The Israeli leadership
decides to launch a military campaign in Lebanon; objectives: the elimination
of threats posed by Palestinian armed groups (which, at this time, possess over
23,000 fighters, 150 tanks, hundreds of heavy artillery pieces, and hundreds of
armored personnel carriers; besides PLO forces, two Palestinian brigades are
under Syrian command); the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon; and the
imposition of a government formed by leaders of Christian political groups
allied with Israel.
-
An Israeli tank unit
enters southern Lebanon, in the area controlled by Christian groups.
June 6, 1982:
-
The Israeli Ground Forces
(60,000 troops and 500 tanks) cross the border and launch offensive operations
in three directions: northwest toward the city of Tyre, to eliminate
Palestinian groups in the area; north toward the Bekaa Valley, to block Syrian
force deployments in Lebanon; and northeast toward areas occupied by the Al-Fatah
group (the main armed wing of the PLO); fighter jets carry out strikes on
targets in the zones toward which the tank and mechanized columns are
advancing; Palestinian resistance is insignificant.
-
In certain sectors,
UNIFIL subunits attempt to block the access of Israeli troops, only succeeding
in delaying their advance.
-
Israeli mechanized units
cross the Litani River.
-
An Israeli A-4 Skyhawk
fighter jet is shot down by Palestinians with an SA-7 anti-aircraft
missile (launched from a man-portable system).
-
Israeli units are
air-deployed north of the Zahrani River (50 kilometers north of the border) and
establish a bridgehead; Palestinian groups are taken by surprise and offer weak
resistance.
June 7 1982:
-
In southeastern Lebanon,
Israeli forces focus on searching for and eliminating Palestinian armed
detachments; firefights occur with Syrian patrols; Syrian artillery opens fire
on Israeli forces.
-
Israeli fighter jets bomb
PLO targets in Beirut; Syrian fighter jets attempt to intercept them; a Syrian MiG-23
is shot down;
-
Syrian forces deploy an
additional 6 SA-6 anti-aircraft missile batteries in the Bekaa Valley;
-
Israeli troops take
control of the city of Tyre (previously controlled by Palestinians) and besiege
Sidon.
June 8, 1982:
-
On the north-western axis
of advance, Israeli forces manage to seize control of the cities of Sidon and
Damur following intense urban combat, reaching 16 km south of Beirut;
Palestinian guerrilla units bypassed by the Israeli advance carry out attacks
on Israeli supply lines; the Israeli command slows the advance, being forced to
redeploy troops to the rear of their formation to neutralize the Palestinian
units;
-
On the northern axis of
advance, Israeli forces approach the Beirut–Damascus highway, the main supply
line for Syrian forces; near the town of Ain Zhalta, they engage Syrian tank
and commando units, and the speed of the advance slows;
-
Israeli fighter jets
attack Syrian anti-aircraft batteries near the town of Jezzine; subsequently,
Israeli mechanized units assault the town and manage to take control of it on
the same day; Syrian forces retreat;
-
Combat between Israeli
and Syrian tank subunits in the Bekaa Valley.
June 9, 1982:
-
Palestinian and Syrian
heavy artillery carry out bombardments on Israeli Ground Forces positions;
-
New Syrian forces,
transported from Syria, are deployed to the Bekaa Valley;
-
Israeli F-4 and A-4
squadrons, supported by F-15s and F-16s, carry out two massive
strikes on Syrian tank unit positions and anti-aircraft missile batteries; at
least 15 batteries are knocked out; Syrian fighter jets intervene; a major air
battle ensues, pitting approximately 60 Syrian aircraft against about 50
Israeli ones; over 20 Syrian planes are shot down;
-
Israeli ground units make
significant advances along the north-eastern and northern axes;
-
The UN issues two
resolutions ordering a ceasefire and the withdrawal of Israeli forces from
Lebanon.
June 10, 1982:
-
Most Israeli troops halt
their advance along the north-eastern and northern axes and move to consolidate
their lines, preparing for Syrian counterattacks;
-
Air combat over Lebanon;
15 Syrian fighter jets are shot down;
-
The Israeli leadership
declares a unilateral ceasefire in the central and eastern sectors;
-
Israeli ground units
continue their advance toward Beirut;
-
The US President calls
for Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon.
June 11, 1982:
-
The air strike campaign
against Palestinian targets in Beirut intensifies; Israeli warships join the
fire missions;
-
Syria and Israel reach a
ceasefire agreement; it does not apply to Palestinian groups;
-
Israeli units advance
toward Beirut;
-
Iranian troops are
deployed to Syria by air.
June 12, 1982:
-
The Red Cross announces
that over 1,500 civilians have been killed in the city of Sidon alone;
-
Israeli representatives
announce their own casualties: over 100 dead (including a general) and more
than 600 wounded;
-
The Israeli advance
toward Beirut continues.
June 13, 1982:
-
Israel and the PLO reach
a ceasefire agreement;
-
Israeli units link up
with Christian militias east of Beirut; extensive sweep-and-detain operations
begin, targeting Palestinians suspected of belonging to armed groups, alongside
the seizure of weapons, ammunition, and military equipment;
-
The siege of Beirut
begins;
-
Israeli forces seize
control of several neighborhoods in southern Beirut.
June 14 – 19, 1982:
-
The Lebanese capital is
besieged by land and sea;
-
The Israelis strike areas
occupied by Palestinian groups in the city from the sea, from the air, and with
ground artillery; combat takes place between Israeli subunits and Palestinian
armed groups;
-
Syrian and Palestinian
forces attack Israeli forces near Beirut and along other lines in central and
eastern Lebanon; the Israelis counterattack, and Syrian forces retreat to the
Bekaa Valley;
-
Thousands of civilians
flee Beirut.
June 20 – 25, 1982:
-
The siege of
Beirut and Israeli land, naval, and air operations against
Palestinian armed groups inside the city continue, focusing on the western
sector;
-
Israeli forces
conduct offensive operations in the western and central areas of
Lebanon, succeeding in gaining control over a section of
the Beirut–Damascus highway;
-
The US Embassy in
Lebanon closes; over 1,000 foreign nationals flee Beirut.
June 26 – July 4, 1982:
-
Israeli troops impose
a blockade on the supply of water and food to West Beirut;
-
Fighting continues in
Beirut;
-
The UN General
Assembly condemns Israel for its refusal to withdraw troops from
Lebanon;
-
The Israeli Prime
Minister agrees to let PLO members leave Lebanon with their personal
weapons.
July 5 – 10, 1982:
-
Combat between Israeli
mechanized and tank units and Palestinian forces near the Beirut airport;
-
US
representatives announce a plan to deploy 1,000 Marines to
ensure the evacuation of PLO members from Beirut; the PLO
rejects the plan;
-
The US
President announces the intention to send Marines as a peacekeeping
force to Lebanon; the USSR leadership warns that it will take
measures.
July 11, 1982: The heaviest artillery duels in Beirut
since the start of the campaign between Israeli and Palestinian forces; these
lasted 15 hours, followed by a ceasefire.
July 13, 1982: The summit of Arab states; a consensus
fails to emerge regarding measures against Israel.
July 14, 1982: The Lebanese government proposes its own
peace plan, based on the withdrawal of Israeli, Syrian, and PLO forces from
Lebanon, but it is not taken into consideration.
July 17, 1982: The Israeli Prime Minister gives the PLO
30 days to leave West Beirut.
July 18, 1982: Palestinian detachments infiltrate the
Israeli positions in the Bekaa Valley and carry out attacks, causing casualties
among Israeli troops.
July 22, 1982: Israeli fighter jets attack Palestinian
targets in Beirut and the Bekaa Valley.
July 23, 1982:
-
Israeli fighter jets and
ground artillery attack Palestinian targets in Beirut and the Bekaa Valley;
-
Palestinian detachments
carry out raids against Israeli forces in Sidon and on the Beirut–Damascus
highway.
July 24, 1982: An Israeli fighter jet is shot down by a
Syrian anti-aircraft missile battery.
July 26, 1982: Israeli fighter jets bomb Palestinian
targets in Beirut.
July 27, 1982: Israeli artillery hits Palestinian targets
in central Beirut.
July 28, 1982: Israeli bombings of Beirut cease following
the conclusion of a ceasefire.
July 29, 1982: PLO representatives announce to the Arab
League that they agree to the organization leaving Lebanon.
August 15, 1982: An agreement is reached between all
parties regarding the evacuation of Palestinian fighters from Beirut; it begins
immediately, by sea.
August 23, 1982: A Christian leader wins the presidential
election in Lebanon.
August 25, 1982: An international contingent, consisting of
800 US Marines, 570 French paratroopers, and 1,200 Italian infantrymen, lands
in Beirut to ensure the evacuation of PLO forces.
August 31, 1982: The main Palestinian armed groups
(approximately 11,000 fighters) complete their withdrawal from Lebanon.
September 1, 1982: The Israeli Defense
Minister announces the end of military operations in Lebanon.
September 4, 1982: 8 Israeli soldiers are
kidnapped in Lebanon.
September 10, 1982: The multinational
contingent deployed in Beirut to ensure the PLO evacuation is withdrawn.
September 13, 1982: The Christian leader who
won the presidential election is assassinated; serious unrest breaks out across
the country.
September 13 – 15, 1982: The Israeli leadership
revises the operational plans following the resulting unrest.
September 16 – 18, 1982: Israeli forces take
control of West Beirut.
September 19 – 28, 1982: Following massacres
committed by Christian militias against Palestinian civilians, international
pressure mounts on Israel to withdraw from Beirut; Israeli forces begin their
withdrawal from the Lebanese capital.
September 29, 1982:
-
Israeli forces complete
their withdrawal from Beirut but continue to control southern Lebanon;
-
An international
contingent, consisting of 2,400 US Marines and 1,200 Italian paratroopers, is
deployed to Beirut; they will later be joined by French and British units, and
will initiate the process of rebuilding the Lebanese army.
September 1982 – September 1983: Numerous guerrilla
warfare actions take place against Israeli forces, carried out mainly by Shiite
armed groups; Israeli forces average 10 deaths per month. Internal political
pressure on Israeli leaders to withdraw from Lebanon intensifies; in Israel, massive
protests erupt against the military presence in Lebanon. Disputes arise between
high-ranking military officers and Israeli politicians, alongside protest
movements within the reservist ranks.
November 11, 1982: Following an attack in
the city of Tyre, carried out by a Shiite group, 75 Israeli soldiers and
special agents lose their lives.
November 23, 1982: Six of the eight Israeli
soldiers kidnapped on Sept. 4 are released by a PLO-affiliated group in
exchange for 4,700 Palestinian prisoners.
April 18, 1983: Car bomb attack at the US Embassy in
Beirut; 67 dead.
1983 – July 1984: Various Lebanese
paramilitary groups and Syrian military units carry out numerous attacks on the
multinational contingent, which retaliates.
May 17, 1983: Attempted agreement between Lebanon,
Israel, and Syria on the withdrawal of Syrian and Israeli forces; Syria objects.
September 3, 1983: Israeli forces withdraw
south of the Awali River (approximately 60 km north of the border).
October 23, 1983: A suicide truck bomb
attack on the US Embassy in Beirut kills 241 American servicemen; another
suicide attack on the French forces' headquarters kills 58 French soldiers.
November 4, 1983: An attack on an Israeli
base in Tyre, carried out by a Shiite armed group (a precursor to Hezbollah);
28 soldiers and special agents killed, another 40 wounded.
November 1983: Israeli fighter jets attack Syrian targets
in the Bekaa Valley; an Israeli Mirage is shot down in Beirut.
December 4, 1983: Following Syrian fire
directed at US reconnaissance aircraft, the US Navy carries out a raid with 29
fighter jets on Syrian army positions east of Beirut; two aircraft from the
strike formation are shot down. On the same day, Syrian forces launch artillery
fire at US Marine positions near the Beirut airport, resulting in 8 deaths
among them; the US Navy retaliates with naval gunfire.
1983 – 1985: Numerous refusals to fight in Lebanon are
reported among Israeli military personnel, especially among reservists.
1984: The
pro-Iranian Shiite armed group Hezbollah is established.
February - July 1984: The multinational forces
are withdrawn from Lebanon.
February - April
1985: Israeli
forces withdraw to the security zone in southern Lebanon (a strip 10–20 km
wide), controlled by the South Lebanon Army (a Christian militia) funded by
Israel.
1985 – 1990: Shiite armed groups, primarily Hezbollah,
carry out artillery attacks on the security zone and northern Israel.
1990: The
Lebanese Civil War ends; however, the Lebanese government fails to gain control
over the southern part of the country.
1990 – 2000: Attacks by armed groups, especially Shiite
ones, continue against Israeli forces in southern Lebanon and against northern
Israel.
July 1993: Operation
Accountability: in response to Hezbollah artillery shelling of
northern Israel, Israeli forces retaliate with a six-day campaign of airstrikes
and heavy artillery fire against Hezbollah targets in southern Lebanon.
April 1996: Israeli
forces carry out Operation Grapes of Wrath; in response to Hezbollah
artillery shelling of Israeli troops in southern Lebanon, the Israeli command
orders a 14-day campaign of airstrikes, heavy artillery fire, and naval
bombardment against the group's targets.
May 25, 2000: Israeli forces withdraw completely from
Lebanon. Hezbollah takes control of the southern part of the country.
Israeli casualties between June 1982 and May 2000 were
1,215 dead (540 from June to September 1982, and 675 from September 1982 to May
2000) and 3,887 wounded [5]. Approximately 10,000
members of Palestinian armed groups and Syrian soldiers were killed. The number
of civilians is difficult to estimate, but it is in the tens of thousands.[6]
The
analysis of the campaign reveals very interesting details. Regarding the
superiority of the Israeli armed forces over their adversaries, there is no
longer any doubt. First and foremost is the technological superiority,
particularly in the fields of combat aviation and electronic warfare. The main
advantage was air dominance. Israeli fighter jets cleared the way for ground
forces and struck deep-seated targets. Effectively, the Lebanese skies were
dominated by the Israelis, a feat ensured by the presence of modern F-15
and F-16 aircraft. At sea, Israeli warships also enjoyed total freedom
of action. Notably, the Israelis made extensive use of drones for intelligence
gathering, including during the period leading up to the campaign[7].
The
Israeli Air Force was opposed by Syrian fighter jets and Syrian anti-aircraft
missile batteries. To maintain air dominance, Israeli pilots had to confront
them, which they did successfully. However, they had been preparing for this
for a long time—since 1973. Following that war, they drew many conclusions. One
of them was the necessity of finding solutions to neutralize mobile
anti-aircraft missile batteries. To this end, the Air Force Command was
equipped with a computerized command and control system as early as 1974.
Fighter jets were outfitted with modern anti-radiation missiles (AGM-78).
On
June 9, 1982, the Israeli Air Force carried out a well-planned and coordinated
attack against the Syrian SA-6 anti-aircraft missile batteries in the
Bekaa Valley. To do this, they directed a large number of drones toward the
area where the Syrian air defense batteries were located. These drones launched
missiles, leading the Syrian military to believe they were being attacked by
fighter jets. The drones were, of course, shot down, but the batteries exposed
their positions. Immediately, anti-radiation missiles were launched from the
ground and by 20 F-4 aircraft against the batteries' detection and
guidance systems, as well as the Syrian radar units deployed in the area. A second wave of F-4s
followed, attacking the launch installations. The Syrian reaction was chaotic;
they launched missiles but without success. The operation was supported by an E-2
Hawkeye airborne early warning and control aircraft, a Boeing-707
equipped for electronic warfare, and approximately 50 F-15 and F-16
fighter jets. The Syrian command scrambled about 60 MiG-21 and MiG-23
fighters to engage the Israeli planes. In the ensuing battle, over 20 Syrian
aircraft were shot down (sources provide different figures—23, 26, or 29 planes
downed), while the Israelis suffered no losses[8]. It was to be expected, as
they held every advantage. The F-15 was an air superiority fighter
specifically engineered with technical and tactical specifications that
guaranteed success against Syrian MiGs. Its radar system was capable of
detecting hostile aircraft at a range of 170 km[9]. The most advanced Syrian
fighter jet, the MiG-23, had a radar with a maximum range of 70 km[10]. Most critically, Syrian
air-to-ground communications and onboard radar systems were compromised by
electronic warfare countermeasures. Conversely, Israeli aircraft operated under
precise coordination, maintaining a continuous and clear tactical air picture.
Syrian onboard radars became inoperable once they closed within 10–15 km of
Israeli flight formations. In total, Syrian forces lost more than 80 MiG-21
and MiG-23 fighters during the campaign, whereas Israeli losses amounted
to 13 airframes: 1 F-16, 1 F-4, 1 Mirage, 2 A-4s,
and 8 helicopters. One
question remains unresolved: despite having MiG-25 interceptors in its
inventory, the Syrian Air Force failed to deploy them in combat. They merely
performed reconnaissance flights over Lebanon, avoiding any engagement with
Israeli planes.[11] That
remains a subject for a future piece.
Air
power and technological superiority ensured Israel's success on the
battlefield. This is an undeniable fact. However, in this conflict, new
elements emerged that the Israeli forces had never encountered before.
For a better understanding, we can divide the entire
period of the conflict into three distinct parts, and we will find that each
presents different characteristics. The three periods are: 1. June 4–13, 1982;
2. June 14 – September 29, 1982; 3. September 30, 1982 – May 2000.
The
first period is characterized by undeniable Israeli military successes,
achieved through the combined use of well-known strengths: air dominance,
technological superiority, and 'blitzkrieg' tactics. These actions were based
on detailed intelligence regarding Palestinian groups and Syrian forces. Their
adversaries stood no chance. There was also another factor: the local
population in southern Lebanon welcomed the Israeli military as liberators[12]. However, the primary
objective of the campaign—the elimination of Palestinian armed groups—was not
achieved, which will generate consequences in the short and medium term.
The
second period was a transition from 'blitzkrieg' actions to a war of attrition.
Although Israeli forces managed to achieve certain objectives (most
importantly, the PLO left Lebanon), the threats were not eliminated. Many
hostile groups remained in Lebanon, and Syrian forces were not withdrawn
despite the losses they sustained.
The
third phase is defined by attrition warfare, a scenario for which the IDF was
ill-prepared. Iran-backed Shiite militant groups expanded their reach
significantly, launching intensive operations against Israeli positions. The
strategic advantage of 'blitzkrieg' tactics, so effective in previous
campaigns, was rendered obsolete. While air superiority was maintained, it
proved ineffective against small, highly mobile units that generally avoided
open engagement. Modern electronic warfare assets faced similar limitation. The intelligence services
remained a strategic asset, yet the unfolding events reveal a lack of
significant outcomes. This shift was expected, given that the local populace,
which had greeted Israeli troops with enthusiasm in June 1982, became hostile
within a year. The reasons behind this can only be truly explained by those who
were present and actively involved. This is the Middle East, a realm entirely
distinct from Europe. Western logic simply does not apply there. Effectively,
Israel became mired in an attritional conflict that transformed into a
nightmare.
Of
the total Israeli casualties, approximately 20% were the result of friendly
fire[13]. This figure is quite
significant, yet it stems from objective causes. The Israeli military lacked
extensive experience in urban combat, with their last major urban offensive
taking place in Jerusalem in 1967. Beyond that, Israeli troops had only engaged
small, disorganized, and ill-equipped Palestinian factions in the urban and
peri-urban areas of the West Bank. In Lebanon, however, they faced a far more
formidable resistance. This was a novel challenge for which they were unable to
adapt.
Another issue arising from the war of attrition
manifested within Israeli society. Up to that point, the military establishment
had benefited from robust public support, which was expected given the constant
threats to the nation's security. By 1982, however, these threats had largely
subsided, with the exception of tensions on the northern border. While the
initial invasion of Lebanon in June 1982 received public backing, support
eroded rapidly once the operation devolved into a war of attrition. The majority
of the population was unwilling to accept a protracted conflict involving
steady losses. Modern life, defined by comfort and affluence, proved
incompatible with sustained warfare. Reservists
were deployed to Lebanon during their reserve duty periods, triggering
significant resentment. Political leaders attempted to conceal the casualty
figures, but to no avail. Extensive demonstrations were staged in opposition to
the Lebanese campaign. Internal frictions emerged within the military
institution, alongside disputes between senior military officers and political
leadership. Furthermore, there was a decline in voluntary enlistment for active
duty within the IDF. This marked a significant shift, as military service had
hitherto been viewed as a prestigious obligation. The most critical issue was
the diminishing number of career officers, which carried profound medium- and
long-term implications.[14] This
war of attrition caused a phenomenon entirely unprecedented for the
Israeli armed forces: the erosion of morale.
In its short military history, Israel had already
participated in an armed conflict known as the 'War of Attrition' (1967–1970,
on the Suez Canal, in the Sinai Peninsula, and in the Mediterranean—presented
in a previous chapter). However, in that conflict, not many troops were
involved; the actions were predominantly aerial, losses were minor, and
successes were achieved. Therefore, the impact on the armed forces and society
in general was positive.
Aside from the complications of the protracted
conflict, Israel was undergoing a natural and gradual erosion of a significant trump
card. The founding generations of the Jewish state no longer constituted the
majority. Many had perished, while the survivors were aged and represented a
shrinking demographic. These were resilient generations—survivors of
concentration camps and the atrocities of the Second World War—who had arrived
as penniless refugees and embraced a life of austerity within the kibbutz movement.
Historically, such backgrounds produce superior military personnel, tempered by
hardship and constant peril. For them, luxury was non-existent. It was these
generations that achieved the military triumphs of Israel's early years,
supported by the strategic factors previously discussed. In contrast, younger
generations sought to avoid conflict, aspiring instead to a secure and affluent
existence. This generational shift resulted in the diminishing military
proficiency of the state.
[1] Multinational Force web
site, Beirut, 1982 to 1984, section Timeline, accessed March 10, 2026, https://multinationalforcebeirut.com/multi-national-force-beirut-casualties-1982-to-1984/multi-national-force-beirut-1982-to-1984-timeline/.
[2] “Israel Strikes at The
P.L.O.”, Time, accessed March 10, 2026, https://time.com/archive/6859329/israel-strikes-at-the-p-l-o/?utm_source=chatgpt.com; “Operation Peace for
the Galilee: The First Lebanon War”, Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) web site, accessed
March 10, 2026, https://www.idf.il/en/articles/2022/operation-peace-for-the-galilee-the-first-lebanon-war/?utm_source=chatgpt.com; “First Lebanon War”, Wars
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[3] “Israel Strikes at The
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the Galilee: The First Lebanon War”, Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) web site,
accessed March 10, 2026, https://www.idf.il/en/articles/2022/operation-peace-for-the-galilee-the-first-lebanon-war/?utm_source=chatgpt.com; “First Lebanon War”, Wars
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events relating to Israel's invasion of Lebanon”, UPI, accessed March
10, 2026, https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/07/30/A-chronology-of-events-relating-to-Israels-invasion-of/2454396849600/?utm_source=chatgpt.com6; “Israel has invaded
Lebanon six times in the past 50 years – a timeline of events”, The
Deeping, accessed March 10, 2026, https://www.thedeeping.eu/2024/10/07/israel-has-invaded-lebanon-six-times-in-the-past-50-years-a-timeline-of-events/?utm_source=chatgpt.com; “The “Quagmire” Then
and Now: Lessons for Combat in the Gaza Strip and for Decision Making from the
IDF’s Presence in Lebanon Until its Withdrawal to the Awali in October 1983”, The
Institute for National Security Studies, accessed March 10, 2026, https://www.inss.org.il/publication/1983-2024/#_edn6; Multinational Force
web site, Beirut, 1982 to 1984, section Timeline, accessed March 10,
2026, https://multinationalforcebeirut.com/multi-national-force-beirut-casualties-1982-to-1984/multi-national-force-beirut-1982-to-1984-timeline/; “Operation
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Wrath (1996)”, Y.net, accessed March 10, 2026, https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0%2C7340%2CL-3284744%2C00.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com; “The Integration of
Operations and Intelligence. Getting Information to the Warfighter”, Air
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F-16s Decimated the Syrian Air Force 88-13”, The National Interest,
accessed March 11, 2026, https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/how-israeli-f-15s-and-f-16s-decimated-syrian-air-force-88-13-73851?utm_source=chatgpt.com.
[5]
Multinational Force web site, Beirut, 1982 to 1984, section Timeline,
accessed March 10, 2026, https://multinationalforcebeirut.com/multi-national-force-beirut-casualties-1982-to-1984/multi-national-force-beirut-1982-to-1984-timeline/;
“The “Quagmire” Then and Now: Lessons for Combat in the Gaza Strip and for
Decision Making from the IDF’s Presence in Lebanon Until its Withdrawal to the
Awali in October 1983”, The Institute for National Security Studies, accessed
March 11, 2026, https://www.inss.org.il/publication/1983-2024/#_edn6.
[6] “New figures emerge on
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[13] Ibid.
[14] Ibid.
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